Category: Volume 08 Number 01

1. Introduction Evaluating the metabolic profile of drug candidates is one of the most vital stages in drug discovery and development processes [1]. In the past, metabolic assessments were seldom conducted before the early clinical phases. Consequently, poor metabolism and inadequate pharmacokinetic parameters were among the leading causes of drug development …

Introduction Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline materials comprising both inorganic and organic constituents arranged in an extended network. Unlike Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), MOFs are typically composed of metal ions or clusters (referred to as nodes) connected by organic ligands (linkers). The design of MOFs relies heavily …

INTRODUCTION The growing global population and rapid technological advancements have led to a surge in energy demand, primarily met by fossil fuels. However, their continued use poses severe environmental challenges, such as increased greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming and ocean acidification (Chew et al., 2018). Therefore, exploring alternative …

Introduction With the global population projected to reach 9.5 billion by 2050, the agriculture sector must significantly increase food production. Fertilizers remain essential for supplying vital nutrients to crops; however, improper fertilizer use—either excessive or insufficient—has led to declining soil health and environmental concerns, including nitrogen and phosphate imbalances and …

Introduction Green chemistry has emerged as an essential multidisciplinary field aimed at reducing the ecological footprint of chemical manufacturing and distribution. This research seeks to develop environmentally friendly alternatives that replace traditional chemical processes, reducing waste, conserving resources, and increasing the use of biodegradable materials. While technological and scientific advances …