Category: Volume 07 Number 02

IntroductionThe escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges to global public health in the 21st century. AMR occurs when microorganisms—such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—evolve mechanisms that render conventional antimicrobial treatments ineffective. This phenomenon has led to a surge in infections …

Introduction Soil contamination with heavy metals has become a global environmental issue due to the continuous input of industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, mining wastes, and other anthropogenic sources. These toxic metals—commonly including Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg—are non-biodegradable, persist in the soil matrix, and pose a substantial threat to …

Introduction Algae have long been valued for their nutritional benefits, serving as both food and animal feed since ancient times. Primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and chlorophyll are vital for cellular growth and development. Due to their rich protein, vitamin, and mineral content, algae are considered essential …

Introduction In recent decades, the formation and stability of mixed-ligand or ternary complexes have received increased attention, particularly with transition and rare earth elements. Rare earth complexes, especially those involving erbium (Er³⁺), present unique challenges due to their low molar absorptivity, f–f electronic transitions, and limited variation in spectral features …

Introduction The scarcity of potable water has emerged as a global challenge, with around 25% of the world population lacking access to safe drinking water. Industrialization and urbanization have further aggravated water pollution, necessitating clean water for both domestic and industrial purposes. Consequently, water-related mortality has surged, emphasizing the urgency …

Introduction For centuries, medicinal plants have served as the foundation of traditional healing systems and have contributed significantly to drug discovery and development. Various cultures have relied on plants to treat infectious and chronic diseases. These plants contain phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, tannins, and saponins that provide a wide …