Category: Volume 05 Number 02

Introduction: The chemical name of Empagliflozin is (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-chloro-3-[[4-[(3S)-oxolan-3-yl]oxyphenyl]methyl]phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol (Fig. 1).Empagliflozin exhibits antidiabetic activity and is primarily prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2). By blocking this transporter, the drug lowers blood glucose levels through reduced renal …

Introduction: Air is one of the fundamental requirements for sustaining life. The atmosphere is generally divided into outdoor air and indoor air. Indoor air quality has a significant impact on human health, as nearly 90% of human activities take place indoors.¹ Healthy indoor air quality is characterized by the absence …

Introduction: The development of inexpensive, sustainable, and environmentally friendly catalysts for organic transformations has become a topic of significant importance in modern organic synthesis. Traditional catalytic methodologies often rely heavily on precious metals, such as palladium, platinum, and rhodium, which, despite their high efficiency, are expensive, scarce, and environmentally challenging. …

Introduction: Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor antagonist primarily used to manage hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood) in certain clinical situations. It also plays a key role in slowing the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Hyponatremia can occur due to various underlying conditions, such as heart …

Introduction: Coconut sap is obtained by tapping the unopened spadix, or young inflorescence, of a coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.)¹. In Indonesia, particularly in Banyumas Regency, coconut sap is commonly used as the raw material for coconut sugar. Due to its nutritional content, coconut sap undergoes spontaneous fermentation, becoming alcoholic …