1. Introduction Molecular interactions underpin the stability and reactivity of chemical and biological systems. In classical chemistry, solvent–solute interactions have been explained by dielectric constants, hydrophobicity, and hydrogen bonding principles. In biochemistry, protein–drug interactions are governed by more complex forces such as van der Waals contacts, π–π stacking, and conformational …
1. Introduction Zinc, one of the most widely used metals, is essential in numerous industrial applications such as galvanizing, battery production, and alloys. The extraction of zinc from various ores and waste materials is vital for both economic and environmental reasons. Among the various methods, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a …
Introduction Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is highly valued for its sensory properties and health benefits, making it more expensive than other edible oils. However, the high economic value of EVOO makes it susceptible to adulteration with lower-cost refined olive oil (ROO). ROO lacks the phenolic compounds, volatile components, and …
1. Introduction High-level liquid waste (HLLW) from spent nuclear fuel contains various fission products, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth elements. Conventional solvent extraction methods are expensive and generate secondary wastes. Supported liquid membrane (SLM) systems are promising alternatives due to their low solvent consumption, operational simplicity, …
Introduction Composting is an ancient practice of organic fertilization widely used in agriculture and gardening. It involves the biological breakdown of biomass into humus, which enhances the physical and chemical properties of soil. As humus continues to decompose, it gradually releases essential nutrients that support plant growth. Composting depends on …
