Category: Current Issue

Research indicates that by 2050 there will be a big escalation in plastic waste generation, it has been estimated to be around twelve million tons as a consequence that plastics do not biodegrade like majority of items in the world[1]. Recently microplastics have emerged as a source of immense concern, …

Introduction     Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) during the manufacture of cement is the main anthropogenic contributor to global warming [1-3]. Global warming may lead to human casualties and substantial economic losses [3, 4]. To minimize CO2 emissions from cement industry, the ceramic sludge ash (CSA) could be used as a …

Introduction Photogalvanic Cells and Biphasic Liquid Crystal Systems Photogalvanic cells work by generating high-energy products when a photon excites the system; these energy-rich products subsequently release their energy electrochemically in the form of electricity. A change in the concentration of the two forms of the redox couple enables the cell …

Introduction Salicylic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound widely recognized for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimicrobial effects. It is a key metabolite of aspirin and has been extensively used in topical and systemic formulations for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders, …

Introduction Globally, coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages, with an estimated average daily consumption of 2.3 billion cups per day (Higdon and Frei, 2006). Despite its popularity, the consistent supply of high-quality coffee beans is often limited due to challenges encountered during harvesting and post-harvesting processes. As …

Introduction Cocrystallization has emerged as one of the most versatile and sustainable solid-state modification strategies in modern pharmaceutical design. It enables the modulation of key physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as solubility, dissolution rate, stability, and mechanical behavior without altering their intrinsic pharmacological activity or chemical structure. …

Materials in nano-confines (1–100 nm) have remarkable differences in parcels compared to bulk materials. These differences exist in the physical and structural parcels of particles, molecules, and bulk paraphernalia owing to differences in physicochemical parcels and face-to-volume rates¹. With advances in nanotechnology, numerous nanomaterials with unique properties have emerged, opening …

Introduction: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name of caffeine (chemical formula C₈H₁₀N₄O₂) is trimethylxanthine, commonly referred to as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. Caffeine is a naturally occurring methylxanthine alkaloid and is widely recognized for its stimulating effects on the central nervous system. It is generally used for …

Introduction : Nitrates (NO3–) and nitrites (NO2–) are essential inorganic compounds that play significant roles in the nitrogen cycle, contributing both to plant nutrition and potential health risks in humans. Chemically, both ions consist of nitrogen and oxygen atoms arranged in planar structures. Nitrate contains one nitrogen atom bonded to …