Natural farming is increasingly recognized worldwide as a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture, particularly in the context of climate change, soil degradation, and decreasing farm profitability. Rooted in the principles of minimal external inputs and maximum reliance on natural ecological processes, this approach avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, while promoting soil regeneration, biodiversity, and long-term sustainable yields. Initially pioneered by Masanobu Fukuoka in Japan and later advanced in India by Subhash Palekar through the Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) model, it emphasizes the use of locally available resources such as cow dung, cow urine, and plant-based preparations.

This review examines the historical evolution, fundamental principles, practical techniques, and ecological advantages of natural farming. It also considers the socio-economic impacts, relevant policy frameworks, and the challenges associated with its broader implementation. Overall, the evidence indicates that natural farming offers considerable potential to enhance farmer livelihoods, strengthen environmental health, and contribute to global food security.