Abstract for Post: Post Monsoonal Irrigational Water Quality Assessment of Bhopal: A Hydrological Study of Water Sources

Author(s): Prashant Pandeya and Arti Malviyab
Affiliation: aLakshmi  Narain College of Technology University, LNCTU, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India bLakshmi Narain College of Technology, RGPV University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Corresponding Email: Prashant.hbdsy@gmail.com

This study assesses the post monsoon suitability of nine water sources in and around Bhopal (surface and groundwater) for irrigation use. Field sampling was performed in the immediate post monsoon window (Sept 23 to Feb 24) and analyzed for sixteen physicochemical parameters. Derived indices such as Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Kelly Index (KI) and the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) were calculated to classify water suitability. All sixteen parameters were determined according to APHA’s (American Public Health Association) 23rd edition (2017). The results obtained were compared with permissible values given by the World Health Organisation (WHO 2022, IVth edition, I and II addenda) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS-10500:2012, reaffirmed in February 2021). The research employs multivariate statistical techniques, hydrochemical analytical classification, and geospatial mapping to identify seasonal trends and potential contamination sources. The results reveal significant fluctuations in hydrochemical parameters of post monsoon season, influenced by factors such as precipitation, surface runoff, agricultural activities, and industrial discharge. Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and hydrogeochemical modeling further aid in assessing the suitability of water for irrigation purposes. The highest IWQI (44.936) of GW3 (Chhawani Pathar) tells water is better for irrigation purpose due to excellent status of SAR and safe values of RSC. Wilcox diagram suggests that most groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, but GW1 and GW4 may require careful management to avoid soil salinity and sodium accumulation. The IWQI values (24.222 to 36.427) suggest that all surface water sites have good water qualities for irrigation purposes. The SW1 site has greatest IWQI value (24.222) of excellent status among all. The Wilcox diagram suggests that SW1, SW2, and SW3 are good for irrigation, while SW4 require management practices to mitigate salinity and sodium hazards. The overall status of water sources in and around Bhopal city ensures that for irrigation it is safe from salinity, sodicity and Mg hazards. The continuous research, investigation, and monitoring is required for futuristic needs and upcoming generations.