Water is considered safe for consumption when it is clear, free from any unusual odor, and has no strange taste. Therefore, the analysis of drinking water is essential to identify and quantify its chemical components and physical properties. Human activities such as industrialization, mining, and agriculture have significantly impacted water quality, posing a threat to humans, animals, aquatic life, and the overall ecosystem. In addition, natural processes such as rock weathering, soil leaching, and mineral extraction can also introduce contaminants into water sources.

To prevent waterborne diseases, it is crucial to monitor the quality of drinking water at regular intervals. Understanding the specific parameters to be tested is vital for accurate assessment. Common physico-chemical parameters used in the analysis of drinking water include:

• Temperature – affects solubility of gases and chemical reactions.
• pH – indicates acidity or alkalinity.
• Turbidity – measures the cloudiness due to suspended particles.
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) – indicates the amount of organic matter.
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) – measures the total quantity of oxidizable substances.
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) – quantifies insoluble solids in water.
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – measures soluble substances.
• Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – essential for aquatic life.
• Alkalinity – includes carbonates and bicarbonates, reflecting buffering capacity.
• Total Hardness – mainly due to calcium and magnesium ions.
• Trace Elements and Heavy Metals – assesses potential toxic contaminants.
• Quantity of Dissolved Ions – important for overall chemical balance.

These parameters are evaluated against safe limits established by local regulatory authorities or the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure water safety for human consumption.