Portland cement serves as a fundamental component in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete, determining their technical, economic, and operational characteristics. One promising approach to improving the efficiency of cement production without significantly altering its technology is the incorporation of various mineral additives that influence the structure and properties of cement stone.
Since energy consumption constitutes a major portion of the costs associated with cement manufacturing, the industry is increasingly seeking to reduce fuel and electricity usage per tonne of cement. To achieve lower energy consumption while enhancing the environmental sustainability of production, recent efforts have focused on increasing the output of composite cements. These composite cements not only contribute to more environmentally friendly production processes but also offer technical advantages such as reduced heat of hydration, greater chemical resistance, and improved workability.